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Beechnuts - Superfood for Bears & Other Wildlife

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Updated February 17, 2024

In the 1990s I worked on a number of black bear studies and visited winter dens to help collect reproductive and survival data (left); beechnuts gathered at the base of an old, gnarly tree near my home -this year is a big nut year (right)!

In the 1990s I worked on a number of black bear studies and visited winter dens to help collect reproductive and survival data (left); beechnuts gathered at the base of an old, gnarly tree near my home -this year is a big nut year (right)!

“I WAS IN PERPETUAL AWE OF THE QUIET MIRACLE OF HIBERNATION, OF MAMA BEAR NURSING HER CUBS THROUGH THE WINTER ON AN EMPTY STOMACH.”

I miss crawling into bear dens – that feeling of being in that deep, dark hole, all alone with mama bear and her cubs, in the dead of winter. 

I remember it like it was yesterday, the sound of her slow heartbeat, the smell of cedar bark lining her bed, and the muffled voices of the rest of the bear crew, just outside the den entrance waiting for me to hand out the cubs.

I was in perpetual awe of the quiet miracle of hibernation, of mama bear nursing her cubs through the winter on an empty stomach.

Each time, I was flooded with an almost overwhelming sense of gratitude that I was able to witness - so intimately - one of the most evolutionarily successful survival strategies in nature.

What does this have to do with beechnuts?

You see, whenever I see beechnuts, I think of bears.

Weighing a 3-month old bear cub in the North Maine Woods.

Weighing a 3-month old bear cub in the North Maine Woods.

Many years ago, I worked as a field biologist to gather important population data on black bears.  We used radio-telemetry to locate collared females in their winter dens.

As the “den mole”, my job was to go in and fetch the cubs once mama was safely immobilized (with a tranquilizing drug administered by injection from the end of a syringe pole).  

I worked for the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife on one of the longest running studies of black bears in the world.  Such a long-running dataset is a treasure trove of information on black bear population ecology and dynamics. 

Maine's biologists have been able to track about EIGHT generations of bears since 1975!

A key measure of the long-term health of a bear population is something called “recruitment” – meaning how many bears are being recruited into the population via reproduction.

During bear den visits we’d count, measure, and mark cubs and yearlings (cubs are born in the den in January and stay with the mother for about 18 months) and we’d also assess the health and condition of the mother.

Through this yearly process, female bears can be monitored for life – up to 30+ years – over which time a healthy female may have a dozen litters of cubs. Through this population monitoring the state biologists can estimate population size and track trends in different areas of the state.

This is where our superfood comes in – beechnuts!

Through the 1980s and 1990s (the latter decade being when I worked on the bear crew), Maine’s biologists observed a fascinating pattern of synchrony with beechnuts and bear cub production. 

As with many nut and fruit crops, beech have heavy nut years, and other years where production is low. For the beech of northern Maine, the trees would produce a lot of nuts every other year. On a good nut year, bears were fat going into the dens. On alternating years when beechnuts were scarce, young females that were near breeding age (4-6 years old) would not be as fat going into the den and would not give birth to cubs (bears breed in June but do not become pregnant until many months later, and only if they are in good condition going into the den). 

As a result, alternating years of nut-rich conditions were eventually reflected in the timing of cub litters – and the two were in synchrony.  

To simplify a complicated phenomenon, let’s just say that for many years running most of the cubs in the northern Maine study area were born in the winter following a good beechnut year. 

That pattern is no longer observed because beech have declined and bears enjoy a larger variety of food choices, making them less dependent on the fall beechnut crop. 

Beechnuts remain an incredibly important, nutrient-dense food source for black bear, as well as for white-tailed deer, Wild Turkey, Ruffed Grouse, Wood Duck, woodpeckers, and more than a dozen other mammals and birds. 

In our region overall, oak and beech are both important wildlife foods in the fall, but beech is much more valuable from a nutritional perspective. 

Beechnuts have about twice as much protein and calories per edible portion as compared to acorns. That’s amazing, isn’t it?!  

They really do pack a nutritional punch that can make a world of difference for wildlife as they go in to a harsh Maine winter.

For this reason, on behalf of woodland wildlife throughout Maine, I partner with forestland owners to help them promote groves of healthy beech (and oak) that will produce a high yield of beechnuts (and acorns). 

How to Boost Beech, the Superfood in Your Autumn Landscape

1)    Release healthy trees from competition.
Whether you have one beech tree or acres of them (every nut counts!), you can provide more sunlight, nutrients, and growing space for select trees to boost nut production, and provide for wildlife that are dependent on these fall foods for their survival. This takes expertise and knowledge of forestry and beech bark disease, thoughtful design, and careful management - but I can help!

2)    Cut diseased trees for firewood! 
While not considered a valuable tree by the timber industry (and in fact, a nuisance due to their aggressive regeneration), beech is an excellent firewood and will warm you four times: once while cutting it, once while splitting it, once while stacking it, and finally, when it’s burning in your woodstove or fireplace!

3)    Share the knowledge - share this post.
Help educate your neighbors and our communities about the importance of beech as a wildlife superfood, and together we can bring back the big beautiful, smooth-barked beech that can feed wildlife for generations to come.

A bear-scarred “Super Beech” in Vermont (showing claw marks), regularly climbed by bears to feed on the nuts (left); an old, diseased beech that is nonetheless producing a huge nut crop this year (right).

A bear-scarred “Super Beech” in Vermont (showing claw marks), regularly climbed by bears to feed on the nuts (left); an old, diseased beech that is nonetheless producing a huge nut crop this year (right).

Did you know?  Beech bark disease is caused by the collaborative handiwork of two European imports, an insect and a fungus.  Over the last 100+ years it has resulted in the large-scale decline of beech throughout New England, although some trees are resistant or tolerant. The old, lesioned beech tree in the photo above has withstood beech bark disease, ice storms, and more – yet this tough tree is producing a bounty of beechnuts this year (as evidenced by those collected in my hand in only a few minutes).

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#ThePersonalEcologistI partner with eco-minded landowners to create thriving wildlife habitats in their backyards, gardens, fields and farms, woods or campuses - at any scale.I have 25 years of experience in my field, and a lifelong commitment to wi…

#ThePersonalEcologist

I co-create biodiverse habitats with eco-minded stewards throughout the Northeast - at any scale.

I have 30 years of experience and a lifelong commitment to wildlife conservation.

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Deborah Perkins